我的目标是使用 Python 向具有内嵌图像的 Gmail 用户发送电子邮件.由于图像的敏感性(来自我工作的数据)，无法在线托管此图像，然后通过 href 链接到它.
My objective is to use Python to send an e-mail to a Gmail user that has an inline image. It is not possible to host this image online and then link to it through a href, due to the sensitive nature of the images (data from my work).
我尝试将 base64 版本编码为 HTML，然后发送 HTML，但众所周知这是行不通的.然后我注意到，在 Gmail 中，您可以将图像拖放到发送框中，它将在接收端内联显示.鉴于此，我尝试从 Python 发送一封电子邮件，并将图像作为附件.这在下面的代码中可以看到，但不幸的是图像没有内联显示.
I've tried encoding the base64 version into a HTML then sending th is HTML, but this is well known to not work. I then noticed that in Gmail you can drag and drop an image into the send box and it will show up inline in the receiving end. Given this I then tried to send an e-mail from Python with the image as an attachment. This is seen in the below code, but unfortunately the image doesn't show up inline.
那么我的问题是:如何发送图像以使其内联显示?
import smtplib
from email.MIMEMultipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.MIMEBase import MIMEBase
from email.MIMEText import MIMEText
from email import Encoders
import os
gmail_user = "user1@gmail.com"
gmail_pwd = "pass"
to = "user2@gmail.com"
subject = "Report"
text = "Picture report"
attach = 'TESTING.png'
msg = MIMEMultipart()
msg['From'] = gmail_user
msg['To'] = to
msg['Subject'] = subject
msg.attach(MIMEText(text))
part = MIMEBase('application', 'octet-stream')
part.set_payload(open(attach, 'rb').read())
Encoders.encode_base64(part)
part.add_header('Content-Disposition',
'attachment; filename="%s"' % os.path.basename(attach))
msg.attach(part)
mailServer = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.gmail.com", 587)
mailServer.ehlo()
mailServer.starttls()
mailServer.ehlo()
mailServer.login(gmail_user, gmail_pwd)
mailServer.sendmail(gmail_user, to, msg.as_string())
# Should be mailServer.quit(), but that crashes...
mailServer.close()
当我手动将内联图像发送给自己时，原始电子邮件"是这样的:
When I send the inline image to myself manually this is what the "original email" looks like:
Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary=047d7bd761fe73e03304e7e02237
--047d7bd761fe73e03304e7e02237
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=047d7bd761fe73e03004e7e02236
--047d7bd761fe73e03004e7e02236
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
[image: Inline images 1]
--047d7bd761fe73e03004e7e02236
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
<div dir="ltr"><img alt="Inline images 1" src="cid:ii_141810ee4ae92ac6" height="400" width="534"><br></div>
--047d7bd761fe73e03004e7e02236--
--047d7bd761fe73e03304e7e02237
Content-Type: image/png; name="Testing.png"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <ii_141810ee4ae92ac6>
X-Attachment-Id: ii_141810ee4ae92ac6
当我通过 Python 将它作为附件发送给自己时，情况就大不相同了:
When I send it to myself through Python as an attachment it is very different:
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="===============6881579935569047077=="
MIME-Version: 1.0
(.... some stuff deleted here)
--===============6881579935569047077==
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
See attachment for report.
--===============6881579935569047077==
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="TESTING.png"
看来按照gmail邮件模板可以:
It seems that following the gmail email template works:
* multipart/alternative
- text/plain
- multipart/related
+ text/html
<img src="cid:msgid"/>
+ image/png
Content-ID: <msgid>
基于 email 模块文档:
Based on the example from email module docs:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import html
import mimetypes
from email.headerregistry import Address
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.utils import make_msgid
from pathlib import Path
title = 'Picture report…'
path = Path('TESTING.png')
me = Address("Pepé Le Pew", *gmail_user.rsplit('@', 1))
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = 'Report…'
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = [me]
msg.set_content('[image: {title}]'.format(title=title)) # text/plain
cid = make_msgid()[1:-1] # strip <>
msg.add_alternative( # text/html
'<img src="cid:{cid}" alt="{alt}"/>'
.format(cid=cid, alt=html.escape(title, quote=True)),
subtype='html')
maintype, subtype = mimetypes.guess_type(str(path))[0].split('/', 1)
msg.get_payload()[1].add_related( # image/png
path.read_bytes(), maintype, subtype, cid="<{cid}>".format(cid=cid))
# save to disk a local copy of the message
Path('outgoing.msg').write_bytes(bytes(msg))
通过 gmail 发送 msg:
To send msg via gmail:
import smtplib
import ssl
with smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', timeout=10) as s:
s.starttls(context=ssl.create_default_context())
s.login(gmail_user, gmail_password)
s.send_message(msg)
* multipart/related
- multipart/alternative
+ text/plain
+ text/html
<div dir="ltr"><img src="cid:ii_xyz" alt="..."><br></div>
- image/jpeg
Content-ID: <ii_xyz>
基于 发送带有嵌入图像和纯文本替代的 HTML 电子邮件:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import cgi
import uuid
import os
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.header import Header
img = dict(title=u'Picture report…', path=u'TESTING.png', cid=str(uuid.uuid4()))
msg = MIMEMultipart('related')
msg['Subject'] = Header(u'Report…', 'utf-8')
msg['From'] = gmail_user
msg['To'] = ", ".join([to])
msg_alternative = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
msg.attach(msg_alternative)
msg_text = MIMEText(u'[image: {title}]'.format(**img), 'plain', 'utf-8')
msg_alternative.attach(msg_text)
msg_html = MIMEText(u'<div dir="ltr">'
'<img src="cid:{cid}" alt="{alt}"><br></div>'
.format(alt=cgi.escape(img['title'], quote=True), **img),
'html', 'utf-8')
msg_alternative.attach(msg_html)
with open(img['path'], 'rb') as file:
msg_image = MIMEImage(file.read(), name=os.path.basename(img['path']))
msg.attach(msg_image)
msg_image.add_header('Content-ID', '<{}>'.format(img['cid']))
通过 gmail 发送 msg:
To send msg via gmail:
import ssl
s = SMTP_SSL('smtp.gmail.com', timeout=10,
ssl_kwargs=dict(cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1,
# http://curl.haxx.se/ca/cacert.pem
ca_certs='cacert.pem'))
s.set_debuglevel(0)
try:
s.login(gmail_user, gmail_pwd)
s.sendmail(msg['From'], [to], msg.as_string())
finally:
s.quit()
SMTP_SSL 是可选的，您可以使用问题中的 starttls 方法:
SMTP_SSL is optional, you could use starttls method from your question instead:
import smtplib
import socket
import ssl
import sys
class SMTP_SSL(smtplib.SMTP_SSL):
"""Add support for additional ssl options."""
def __init__(self, host, port=0, **kwargs):
self.ssl_kwargs = kwargs.pop('ssl_kwargs', {})
self.ssl_kwargs['keyfile'] = kwargs.pop('keyfile', None)
self.ssl_kwargs['certfile'] = kwargs.pop('certfile', None)
smtplib.SMTP_SSL.__init__(self, host, port, **kwargs)
def _get_socket(self, host, port, timeout):
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print>>sys.stderr, 'connect:', (host, port)
new_socket = socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout)
new_socket = ssl.wrap_socket(new_socket, **self.ssl_kwargs)
self.file = getattr(smtplib, 'SSLFakeFile', lambda x: None)(new_socket)
return new_socket
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