我想在 3D 中实现对象拾取，所以我使用 glm::unproject 方法从屏幕上的一个点到场景有一个 Ray它返回 Y翻转所以我使用它的负值"，下面的代码总是在对象以世界原点为中心时成功，但另一个对象被变换并且相机移动或旋转它可能会成功，也可能不会，我模拟了光线，它是已经与物体相交，所有坐标都在世界空间中.
bool Engine::IntersectBox(Ray& ray,BoundingBox* boundingBox,GLfloat& distance){V3* v=boundingBox->getVertices();glm::vec4 vec(v->x,v->y,v->z,1);vec=boundingBox->getMatrix()*vec;GLfloat minX=vec.x;GLfloat minY=vec.y;GLfloat minZ=vec.z;GLfloat maxX=vec.x;GLfloat maxY=vec.y;GLfloat maxZ=vec.z;for(int i=0;i<8;i++){v++;vec=glm::vec4(v->x,v->y,v->z,1);vec=boundingBox->getMatrix()*vec;minX=minXvec.x?maxX:vec.x;maxY=maxY>vec.y?maxY:vec.y;maxZ=maxZ＞vec.z?maxZ:vec.z;}GLfloat tMin = 0.0f;GLfloat tMax = 100000.0f;glm::vec3 delta=glm::vec3(boundingBox->getMatrix()[3])-ray.getOrigin();{glm::vec3 xAxis=boundingBox->getMatrix()[0];GLfloat e = glm::dot(xAxis, delta);GLfloat f = glm::dot(ray.getDirection(), xAxis);if ( fabs(f) > 0.001f ) {//标准情况GLfloat min = (e+minX)/f;//与左"平面相交GLfloat max = (e+maxX)/f;//与右"平面相交如果(最小<最大){tMin=分钟；tMax=max;}别的{tMin=最大值；tMax=min;}如果 (tMax < tMin)返回假；}别的{if(-e+minX > 0.0f || -e+maxX < 0.0f)返回假；}}{glm::vec3 yAxis=boundingBox->getMatrix()[1];GLfloat e = glm::dot(yAxis, delta);GLfloat f = glm::dot(ray.getDirection(), yAxis);如果(晶圆厂(f)> 0.001f){GLfloat min = (e+minY)/f;GLfloat max = (e+maxY)/f;如果(最小<最大){tMin=glm::max(tMin,min);tMax=glm::min(tMax,max);}别的{tMin=glm::max(tMin,max);tMax=glm::min(tMax,min);}如果 (tMax < tMin)返回假；}别的{if(-e+minY > 0.0f || -e+maxY < 0.0f)返回假；}}{glm::vec3 zAxis=boundingBox->getMatrix()[2];GLfloat e = glm::dot(zAxis, delta);GLfloat f = glm::dot(ray.getDirection(),zAxis);如果(晶圆厂(f)> 0.001f){GLfloat min = (e+minZ)/f;GLfloat max = (e+maxZ)/f;如果(最小<最大){tMin=glm::max(tMin,min);tMax=glm::min(tMax,max);}别的{tMin=glm::max(tMin,max);tMax=glm::min(tMax,min);}如果 (tMax < tMin)返回假；}别的{if(-e+minZ > 0.0f || -e+maxZ < 0.0f)返回假；}}距离 = tMin;返回真；} 我正在使用:
遗憾的是，我的 GIF 捕获器没有捕获鼠标光标，因此您看不到我单击/拖动的位置......但是正如您所看到的，我的控制相当复杂，而且 OBB 没有多大帮助，因为环和箭头相交很多.断断续续是由于 GIF 捕获编码造成的，但是当使用对数深度缓冲区时，您可能期望远离 znear 平面的对象也有断断续续的情况.要补救，您可以使用:
在我的示例中，我没有任何对象只是单个控件，但您明白了……所以您的每个对象都应该有它的矩阵(用于渲染的矩阵)，因此您只需添加一个引用它的控件.如果您的对象是动态添加和删除的，您也需要将它们的添加/删除添加到控件...
最重要的是函数 mouse_select 和 mouse_edit ，它们将 3D 全局鼠标位置转换为 objetc/control 本地位置，使得很容易检测内部锥体等内容，圆柱内、旋转角度和平移尺寸等...
I want to implement object picking in 3D so I have a Ray from a point on the screen towards the scene using glm::unproject method "it returns the Y flipped so I use its negative value", the following code success always when the object is centered on the world origin but with another object that is transformed and the camera moved or rotated it may success and may not, i simulated the ray and it is already intersect the object, all coordinates are in the world space.
bool Engine::IntersectBox(Ray& ray,BoundingBox* boundingBox,GLfloat& distance){
V3* v=boundingBox->getVertices();
glm::vec4 vec(v->x,v->y,v->z,1);
vec=boundingBox->getMatrix()*vec;
GLfloat minX=vec.x;
GLfloat minY=vec.y;
GLfloat minZ=vec.z;
GLfloat maxX=vec.x;
GLfloat maxY=vec.y;
GLfloat maxZ=vec.z;
for(int i=0;i<8;i++){
v++;
vec=glm::vec4(v->x,v->y,v->z,1);
vec=boundingBox->getMatrix()*vec;
minX=minX<vec.x?minX:vec.x;
minY=minY<vec.y?minY:vec.y;
minZ=minZ<vec.z?minZ:vec.z;
maxX=maxX>vec.x?maxX:vec.x;
maxY=maxY>vec.y?maxY:vec.y;
maxZ=maxZ>vec.z?maxZ:vec.z;
}
GLfloat tMin = 0.0f;
GLfloat tMax = 100000.0f;
glm::vec3 delta=glm::vec3(boundingBox->getMatrix()[3])-ray.getOrigin();
{
glm::vec3 xAxis=boundingBox->getMatrix()[0];
GLfloat e = glm::dot(xAxis, delta);
GLfloat f = glm::dot(ray.getDirection(), xAxis);
if ( fabs(f) > 0.001f ) { // Standard case
GLfloat min = (e+minX)/f; // Intersection with the "left" plane
GLfloat max = (e+maxX)/f; // Intersection with the "right" plane
if(min<max){
tMin=min;
tMax=max;
}
else{
tMin=max;
tMax=min;
}
if (tMax < tMin)
return false;
}
else{
if(-e+minX > 0.0f || -e+maxX < 0.0f)
return false;
}
}
{
glm::vec3 yAxis=boundingBox->getMatrix()[1];
GLfloat e = glm::dot(yAxis, delta);
GLfloat f = glm::dot(ray.getDirection(), yAxis);
if ( fabs(f) > 0.001f ){
GLfloat min = (e+minY)/f;
GLfloat max = (e+maxY)/f;
if(min<max){
tMin=glm::max(tMin,min);
tMax=glm::min(tMax,max);
}
else{
tMin=glm::max(tMin,max);
tMax=glm::min(tMax,min);
}
if (tMax < tMin)
return false;
}else{
if(-e+minY > 0.0f || -e+maxY < 0.0f)
return false;
}
}
{
glm::vec3 zAxis=boundingBox->getMatrix()[2];
GLfloat e = glm::dot(zAxis, delta);
GLfloat f = glm::dot(ray.getDirection(),zAxis);
if ( fabs(f) > 0.001f ){
GLfloat min = (e+minZ)/f;
GLfloat max = (e+maxZ)/f;
if(min<max){
tMin=glm::max(tMin,min);
tMax=glm::min(tMax,max);
}
else{
tMin=glm::max(tMin,max);
tMax=glm::min(tMax,min);
}
if (tMax < tMin)
return false;
}else{
if(-e+minZ > 0.0f || -e+maxZ < 0.0f)
return false;
}
}
distance = tMin;
return true;
}
I am doing this using:
The idea is to apart of rendering to screen also render index of each object into separate unseen buffer (color attachment, stencil, shadow,...) and than just pick pixel at mouse position from this buffer and depth ... which provides 3D position of the picked point and also index of object that it belongs to. This is very fast O(1) at almost no performance cost.
Now You do not need OBB for your objects nor any intersection checking anymore. Instead have a local coordinate system in form of 4x4 homogenuous matrix with which you can easily convert the 3D position picked by mouse into object local coordinates making the manipulation like translation/rotation of the object really easy.
Here is my older C++ approach of mine for this:
which does not require any additional libs and stuff. How ever I do it now using all above in fusion like this:
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifndef _OpenGLctrl3D_h
#define _OpenGLctrl3D_h
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include "gl/OpenGL3D_double.cpp" // vector and matrix math keyboard and mouse handler
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
static reper NULL_rep;
AnsiString dbg="";
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class OpenGLctrl3D // arrow translation controls (you need one for each objet)
{
public:
reper *rep; // points to bounded object model matrix
double l[3],r0,r1,r2,a; // l - size of each straight arrow
// r0 - tube radius
// r1 - arrow radius
// r2 - arced arrow radius
// a - arrowhead size
double a0,a1,aa; // start,end, cone size [rad] of the arced arrow
OpenGLctrl3D()
{
rep=&NULL_rep;
l[0]=3.5; r0=0.05; a0= 0.0*deg; a=0.10;
l[1]=3.5; r1=0.25; a1=360.0*deg;
l[2]=3.5; r2=0.50; aa= 15.0*deg;
}
OpenGLctrl3D(OpenGLctrl3D& a) { *this=a; }
~OpenGLctrl3D() {}
OpenGLctrl3D* operator = (const OpenGLctrl3D *a) { *this=*a; return this; }
//OpenGLctrl3D* operator = (const OpenGLctrl3D &a) { ...copy... return this; }
void draw(int sel); // render arrows
void mouse_select(void* sys); // handle [camera local] mouse events (no active button)
void mouse_edit (void* sys); // handle [camera local] mouse events (active button)
};
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class OpenGLctrls3D // arrow translation controls (you need one for each objet)
{
public:
reper *eye; // camera matrix
double per[16],ndc[16]; // perspective and viewport matrices
TShiftState sh; double mw[3],ms[3]; // actual mouse [buttons],[world units],[camera units]
bool _redraw; // redraw needed?
int sel0,sel1,_sel; // actualy selected item ctrl[sel0].axis=sel1 the _sel is for iteration variable
double psel[3]; // selected point [object local units]
List<OpenGLctrl3D> ctrl;
OpenGLctrls3D() { eye=&NULL_rep; matrix_one(per); matrix_one(ndc); ctrl.num=0; }
OpenGLctrls3D(OpenGLctrls3D& a) { *this=a; }
~OpenGLctrls3D(){}
OpenGLctrls3D* operator = (const OpenGLctrls3D *a) { *this=*a; return this; }
//OpenGLctrls3D* operator = (const OpenGLctrls3D &a) { ...copy... return this; }
void add(reper &rep,double *l,double r0,double r1,double r2,double a) // add new control bounded to rep
{
// l - size of each straight arrow
// r0 - tube radius
// r1 - arrow radius
// r2 - arced arrow radius
// a - arrowhead size
ctrl.add();
OpenGLctrl3D *c=ctrl.dat+ctrl.num-1;
c->rep=&rep;
vector_copy(c->l,l);
c->r0=r0;
c->r1=r1;
c->r2=r2;
c->a=a;
}
void resize(int x0,int y0,int xs,int ys)
{
matrix_one(ndc);
ndc[ 0]=+divide(2.0,double(xs));
ndc[ 5]=-divide(2.0,double(ys));
ndc[12]=-1.0;
ndc[13]=+1.0;
glGetDoublev(GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX,per);
mouse_refresh();
}
void draw()
{
int i;
OpenGLctrl3D *c;
for (c=ctrl.dat,i=0;i<ctrl.num;i++,c++)
{
glPushMatrix();
c->rep->use_rep();
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glMultMatrixd(c->rep->rep);
if (i==sel0) c->draw(sel1);
else c->draw(-1);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glPopMatrix();
}
}
bool mouse(double mx,double my,TShiftState _sh) // handle mouse events return if redraw is needed
{
// mouse depth [camera units]
ms[0]=mx; ms[1]=my; sh=_sh;
ms[2]=glReadDepth(mx,divide(-2.0,ndc[5])-my-1,per);
// mouse x,y [pixel] -> <-1,+1> NDC
matrix_mul_vector(ms,ndc,ms);
// mouse x,y <-1,+1> NDC -> [camera units]
scr2world(mw,ms);
return mouse_refresh();
}
bool mouse_refresh() // call after any view change
{
_redraw=false;
if (!sh.Contains(ssLeft))
{
int _sel0=sel0; sel0=-1;
int _sel1=sel1; sel1=-1;
for (_sel=0;_sel<ctrl.num;_sel++) ctrl.dat[_sel].mouse_select(this);
_redraw=((_sel0!=sel0)||(_sel1!=sel1));
}
else{
if ((sel0>=0)&&(sel0<ctrl.num)) ctrl.dat[sel0].mouse_edit(this);
}
return _redraw;
}
void world2scr(double *s,double *w)
{
// camera [LCS]
eye->g2l(s,w);
// [camera units] -> <-1,+1> NDC
s[0]=-divide(s[0]*per[0],s[2]);
s[1]=-divide(s[1]*per[5],s[2]);
}
void scr2world(double *w,double *s)
{
// <-1,+1> NDC -> [camera units]
w[0]=-divide(s[0]*s[2],per[0]);
w[1]=-divide(s[1]*s[2],per[5]);
w[2]=s[2];
// world [GCS]
eye->l2g(w,w);
}
};
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void OpenGLctrl3D::draw(int sel)
{
if (sel==0) glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); else glColor3f(0.5,0.0,0.0); glArrowx(0.0,0.0,0.0,r0,r1,l[0],a);
if (sel==1) glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0); else glColor3f(0.0,0.5,0.0); glArrowy(0.0,0.0,0.0,r0,r1,l[1],a);
if (sel==2) glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0); else glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.5); glArrowz(0.0,0.0,0.0,r0,r1,l[2],a);
if (sel==3) glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); else glColor3f(0.5,0.0,0.0); glCircleArrowyz(0.0,0.0,0.0,r2,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
if (sel==4) glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0); else glColor3f(0.0,0.5,0.0); glCircleArrowzx(0.0,0.0,0.0,r2,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
if (sel==5) glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0); else glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.5); glCircleArrowxy(0.0,0.0,0.0,r2,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void OpenGLctrl3D::mouse_select(void *_sys)
{
OpenGLctrls3D *sys=(OpenGLctrls3D*)_sys;
int i,x,y,z; double p[3],q[3],pm[3],t,r;
// mouse [object local units]
rep->g2l(pm,sys->mw);
// straight arrows
for (i=0;i<3;i++)
{
t=pm[i]; pm[i]=0.0; r=vector_len(pm); pm[i]=t;
t=divide(l[i]-t,a);
if ((t>=0.0)&&(t<=1.0)&&(r<=r1*t)) // straight cone
{
sys->sel0=sys->_sel;
sys->sel1=i;
vector_ld(sys->psel,0.0,0.0,0.0); sys->psel[i]=pm[i];
}
}
// arced arrows
for (i=0;i<3;i++)
{
if (i==0){ x=1; y=2; z=0; }
if (i==1){ x=2; y=0; z=1; }
if (i==2){ x=0; y=1; z=2; }
t=atanxy(pm[x],pm[y]);
p[x]=r2*cos(t);
p[y]=r2*sin(t);
p[z]=0.0;
vector_sub(q,p,pm);
r=vector_len(q);
if (r<=r0*2.0)
{
sys->sel0=sys->_sel;
sys->sel1=i+3;
vector_copy(sys->psel,p);
}
}
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void OpenGLctrl3D::mouse_edit(void *_sys)
{
OpenGLctrls3D *sys=(OpenGLctrls3D*)_sys;
// drag straight arrows (active button)
if ((sys->sel1>=0)&&(sys->sel1<3))
{
double z0,z1,z2,t0;
double q[3],q0[3],q1[3],t;
// q0 = mouse change in 2D screen space
rep->l2g(q0,sys->psel); // selected point position
sys->world2scr(q0,q0);
vector_sub(q0,q0,sys->ms); q0[2]=0.0; // actual mouse position
// q1 = selected axis step in 2D screen space
rep->l2g(q,sys->psel); // selected point position
sys->world2scr(q,q);
vector_copy(q1,sys->psel); // axis step
q1[sys->sel1]+=1.0;
rep->l2g(q1,q1);
sys->world2scr(q1,q1);
vector_sub(q1,q1,q); q1[2]=0.0;
// compute approx change
t=-vector_mul(q0,q1); // dot(q0,q1)
// enhance precision of t
int i; double len0,len,dq[3]={0.0,0.0,0.0},dt;
// selected arrow direction
dq[sys->sel1]=1.0;
// closest point on axis to psel
for (len0=-1.0,dt=0.25*t;fabs(dt)>1e-5;t+=dt)
{
// position on axis p(t) = p0 + t*dp
for (i=0;i<3;i++) q[i]=sys->psel[i]+(t*dq[i]);
// len = distance to mouse
rep->l2g(q,q);
sys->world2scr(q,q);
vector_sub(q,q,sys->ms); q[2]=0.0;
len=vector_len2(q);
// handle iteration step
if (len0<-0.5) len0=len;
if (len>len0) dt=-0.1*dt;
len0=len;
}
// translate by change
double m[16]=
{
1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,
0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,
};
m[12+sys->sel1]=t;
rep->use_rep();
matrix_mul(rep->rep,m,rep->rep);
rep->_inv=0;
sys->_redraw=true;
}
// rotate arced arrows (active button)
if ((sys->sel1>=3)&&(sys->sel1<6))
{
int i,x,y,z; double t,t0,tt,dt,len,len0,q[3];
if (sys->sel1==3){ x=1; y=2; z=0; }
if (sys->sel1==4){ x=2; y=0; z=1; }
if (sys->sel1==5){ x=0; y=1; z=2; }
t0=atanxy(sys->psel[x],sys->psel[y]);
// initial search
for (i=10,t=0.0,dt=divide(1.0,i),len0=-1.0;i--;t+=dt)
{
q[x]=r2*cos(t0+t);
q[y]=r2*sin(t0+t);
q[z]=0.0;
rep->l2g(q,q);
sys->world2scr(q,q);
vector_sub(q,q,sys->ms); q[2]=0.0;
len=vector_len2(q);
if ((len0<-0.5)||(len<len0)) { len0=len; tt=t; }
}
// closest angle to psel
for (t=tt;fabs(dt)>0.1*deg;t+=dt)
{
q[x]=r2*cos(t0+t);
q[y]=r2*sin(t0+t);
q[z]=0.0;
rep->l2g(q,q);
sys->world2scr(q,q);
vector_sub(q,q,sys->ms); q[2]=0.0;
len=vector_len2(q);
// handle iteration step
if (len>len0) dt=-0.1*dt; else { tt=t; }
len0=len;
}
// rotate
if (sys->sel1==3) rep->lrotx(tt);
if (sys->sel1==4) rep->lroty(tt);
if (sys->sel1==5) rep->lrotz(tt);
sys->_redraw=true;
}
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#endif
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unlike the example in the link above this uses a lot of stuff not provided (from my GL engine) so you can not use it directly however it should be enough to grasp the basics. Here some external stuff it uses (not all):
I also use mine dynamic list template so:
List<double> xxx; is the same as double xxx[];
xxx.add(5); adds 5 to end of the list
xxx[7] access array element (safe)
xxx.dat[7] access array element (unsafe but fast direct access)
xxx.num is the actual used size of the array
xxx.reset() clears the array and set xxx.num=0
xxx.allocate(100) preallocate space for 100 items
Rendering:
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glArrowx(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat l0,GLfloat l1)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double dir[3]={1.0,0.0,0.0};
glArrow3D(pos,dir,r0,r1,l0,l1);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glArrowy(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat l0,GLfloat l1)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double dir[3]={0.0,1.0,0.0};
glArrow3D(pos,dir,r0,r1,l0,l1);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glArrowz(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat l0,GLfloat l1)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double dir[3]={0.0,0.0,1.0};
glArrow3D(pos,dir,r0,r1,l0,l1);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glCircleArrowxy(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat a0,GLfloat a1,GLfloat aa)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double nor[3]={0.0,0.0,1.0};
double bin[3]={1.0,0.0,0.0};
glCircleArrow3D(pos,nor,bin,r,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glCircleArrowyz(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat a0,GLfloat a1,GLfloat aa)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double nor[3]={1.0,0.0,0.0};
double bin[3]={0.0,1.0,0.0};
glCircleArrow3D(pos,nor,bin,r,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glCircleArrowzx(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat a0,GLfloat a1,GLfloat aa)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double nor[3]={0.0,1.0,0.0};
double bin[3]={0.0,0.0,1.0};
glCircleArrow3D(pos,nor,bin,r,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glArrow3D(double *pos,double *dir,double r0,double r1,double l0,double l1)
{
int i,n=_glCircleN;
double nn=1.0,a,da=divide(pi2,n),p[3],dp[3],x[3],y[3],p0[3],p1[3],c,s,q;
if (l0<0.0) { da=-da; nn=-nn; l1=-l1; }
// TBN
if (fabs(dir[0]-dir[1])>1e-6) vector_ld(x,dir[1],dir[0],dir[2]);
else if (fabs(dir[0]-dir[2])>1e-6) vector_ld(x,dir[2],dir[1],dir[0]);
else if (fabs(dir[1]-dir[2])>1e-6) vector_ld(x,dir[0],dir[2],dir[1]);
else vector_ld(x,1.0,0.0,0.0);
vector_one(dir,dir);
vector_mul(x,x,dir);
vector_mul(y,x,dir);
vector_mul(p0,dir,l0-l1); vector_add(p0,pos,p0);
vector_mul(p1,dir,l0 ); vector_add(p1,pos,p1);
// disc r0, 0
vector_len(x,x,r0);
vector_len(y,y,r0);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
vector_mul(p,dir,-nn);
glNormal3dv(p);
glVertex3dv(pos);
for (a=0.0,i=0;i<=n;i++,a+=da)
{
vector_mul(dp,x,cos(a)); vector_add(p,pos,dp);
vector_mul(dp,y,sin(a)); vector_add(p,p ,dp);
glVertex3dv(p);
}
glEnd();
// tube r0, 0..l0-l1
q=divide(1.0,r0);
glBegin(GL_QUAD_STRIP);
for (a=0.0,i=0;i<=n;i++,a+=da)
{
vector_mul( p,x,cos(a));
vector_mul(dp,y,sin(a)); vector_add(dp,p ,dp); vector_add(p,pos,dp);
vector_mul(dp,dp,q);
glNormal3dv(dp);
glVertex3dv(p);
vector_sub(p,p,pos);
vector_add(p,p,p0);
glVertex3dv(p);
}
glEnd();
// disc r1, l0-l1
vector_len(x,x,r1);
vector_len(y,y,r1);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
vector_mul(p,dir,-nn);
glNormal3dv(p);
glVertex3dv(p0);
for (a=0.0,i=0;i<=n;i++,a+=da)
{
vector_mul(dp,x,cos(a)); vector_add(p,p0 ,dp);
vector_mul(dp,y,sin(a)); vector_add(p,p ,dp);
glVertex3dv(p);
}
glEnd();
// cone r1..0, l0-l1..l0
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);
q=divide(1.0,sqrt((l1*l1)+(r1*r1)));
for (a=0.0,i=0;i<=n;i++,a+=da)
{
vector_mul( p,x,cos(a));
vector_mul(dp,y,sin(a)); vector_add(dp,p ,dp); vector_add(p,p0,dp);
vector_mul(dp,dp,q);
glNormal3dv(dp);
glVertex3dv(p);
glVertex3dv(p1);
}
glEnd();
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glCircleArrow3D(double *pos,double *nor,double *bin,double r,double r0,double r1,double a0,double a1,double aa)
{
int e,i,j,N=3*_glCircleN;
double U[3],V[3],u,v;
double a,b,da,db=pi2/double(_glCircleN-1),a2,rr;
double *ptab,*p0,*p1,*n0,*n1,*pp,p[3],q[3],c[3],n[3],tan[3];
// buffers
ptab=new double [12*_glCircleN]; if (ptab==NULL) return;
p0=ptab+(0*_glCircleN);
n0=ptab+(3*_glCircleN);
p1=ptab+(6*_glCircleN);
n1=ptab+(9*_glCircleN);
// prepare angles
a2=a1; da=db; aa=fabs(aa);
if (a0>a1) { da=-da; aa=-aa; }
a1-=aa;
// compute missing basis vectors
vector_copy(U,nor); // U is normal to arrow plane
vector_mul(tan,nor,bin); // tangent is perpendicular to normal and binormal
// arc interpolation a=<a0,a2>
for (e=0,j=0,a=a0;e<5;j++,a+=da)
{
// end conditions
if (e==0) // e=0
{
if ((da>0.0)&&(a>=a1)) { a=a1; e++; }
if ((da<0.0)&&(a<=a1)) { a=a1; e++; }
rr=r0;
}
else{ // e=1,2,3,4
if ((da>0.0)&&(a>=a2)) { a=a2; e++; }
if ((da<0.0)&&(a<=a2)) { a=a2; e++; }
rr=r1*fabs(divide(a-a2,a2-a1));
}
// compute actual tube segment center c[3]
u=r*cos(a);
v=r*sin(a);
vector_mul(p,bin,u);
vector_mul(q,tan,v);
vector_add(c,p, q);
vector_add(c,c,pos);
// V is unit direction from arrow center to tube segment center
vector_sub(V,c,pos);
vector_one(V,V);
// tube segment interpolation
for (b=0.0,i=0;i<N;i+=3,b+=db)
{
u=cos(b);
v=sin(b);
vector_mul(p,U,u); // normal
vector_mul(q,V,v);
vector_add(n1+i,p,q);
vector_mul(p,n1+i,rr); // vertex
vector_add(p1+i,p,c);
}
if (e>1) // recompute normals for cone
{
for (i=3;i<N;i+=3)
{
vector_sub(p,p0+i ,p1+i);
vector_sub(q,p1+i-3,p1+i);
vector_mul(p,p,q);
vector_one(n1+i,p);
}
vector_sub(p,p0 ,p1);
vector_sub(q,p1+N-3,p1);
vector_mul(p,q,p);
vector_one(n1,p);
if (da>0.0) for (i=0;i<N;i+=3) vector_neg(n1+i,n1+i);
if (e== 3) for (i=0;i<N;i+=3) vector_copy(n0+i,n1+i);
}
// render base disc
if (!j)
{
vector_mul(n,V,U);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glNormal3dv(n);
glVertex3dv(c);
if (da<0.0) for (i= 0;i< N;i+=3) glVertex3dv(p1+i);
else for (i=N-3;i>=0;i-=3) glVertex3dv(p1+i);
glEnd();
}
// render tube
else{
glBegin(GL_QUAD_STRIP);
if (da<0.0) for (i=0;i<N;i+=3)
{
glNormal3dv(n0+i); glVertex3dv(p0+i);
glNormal3dv(n1+i); glVertex3dv(p1+i);
}
else for (i=0;i<N;i+=3)
{
glNormal3dv(n1+i); glVertex3dv(p1+i);
glNormal3dv(n0+i); glVertex3dv(p0+i);
}
glEnd();
}
// swap buffers
pp=p0; p0=p1; p1=pp;
pp=n0; n0=n1; n1=pp;
// handle r0 -> r1 edge
if (e==1) a-=da;
if ((e==1)||(e==2)||(e==3)) e++;
}
// release buffers
delete[] ptab;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glLinearArrow3D(double *pos,double *dir,double r0,double r1,double l,double al)
{
int e,i,N=3*_glCircleN;
double U[3],V[3],W[3],u,v;
double a,da=pi2/double(_glCircleN-1),r,t;
double *ptab,*p0,*p1,*n1,*pp,p[3],q[3],c[3],n[3];
// buffers
ptab=new double [9*_glCircleN]; if (ptab==NULL) return;
p0=ptab+(0*_glCircleN);
p1=ptab+(3*_glCircleN);
n1=ptab+(6*_glCircleN);
// compute basis vectors
vector_one(W,dir);
vector_ld(p,1.0,0.0,0.0);
vector_ld(q,0.0,1.0,0.0);
vector_ld(n,0.0,0.0,1.0);
a=fabs(vector_mul(W,p)); pp=p; t=a;
a=fabs(vector_mul(W,q)); if (t>a) { pp=q; t=a; }
a=fabs(vector_mul(W,n)); if (t>a) { pp=n; t=a; }
vector_mul(U,W,pp);
vector_mul(V,U,W);
vector_mul(U,V,W);
for (e=0;e<4;e++)
{
// segment center
if (e==0) { t=0.0; r= r0; }
if (e==1) { t=l-al; r= r0; }
if (e==2) { t=l-al; r= r1; }
if (e==3) { t=l; r=0.0; }
vector_mul(c,W,t);
vector_add(c,c,pos);
// tube segment interpolation
for (a=0.0,i=0;i<N;i+=3,a+=da)
{
u=cos(a);
v=sin(a);
vector_mul(p,U,u); // normal
vector_mul(q,V,v);
vector_add(n1+i,p,q);
vector_mul(p,n1+i,r); // vertex
vector_add(p1+i,p,c);
}
if (e>2) // recompute normals for cone
{
for (i=3;i<N;i+=3)
{
vector_sub(p,p0+i ,p1+i);
vector_sub(q,p1+i-3,p1+i);
vector_mul(p,p,q);
vector_one(n1+i,p);
}
vector_sub(p,p0 ,p1);
vector_sub(q,p1+N-3,p1);
vector_mul(p,q,p);
vector_one(n1,p);
}
// render base disc
if (!e)
{
vector_neg(n,W);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glNormal3dv(n);
glVertex3dv(c);
for (i=0;i<N;i+=3) glVertex3dv(p1+i);
glEnd();
}
// render tube
else{
glBegin(GL_QUAD_STRIP);
for (i=0;i<N;i+=3)
{
glNormal3dv(n1+i);
glVertex3dv(p0+i);
glVertex3dv(p1+i);
}
glEnd();
}
// swap buffers
pp=p0; p0=p1; p1=pp;
}
// release buffers
delete[] ptab;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
vector and matrix math:
// cross product: W = U x V
W.x=(U.y*V.z)-(U.z*V.y)
W.y=(U.z*V.x)-(U.x*V.z)
W.z=(U.x*V.y)-(U.y*V.x)
// dot product: a = (U.V)
a=U.x*V.x+U.y*V.y+U.z*V.z
// abs of vector a = |U|
a=sqrt((U.x*U.x)+(U.y*U.y)+(U.z*U.z))
vector_mul(a[3],b[3],c[3]) is cross product a = b x c
a = vector_mul(b[3],c[3]) is dot product a = (b.c)
vector_one(a[3],b[3]) is unit vector a = b/|b|
vector_copy(a[3],b[3]) is just copy a = b
vector_add(a[3],b[3],c[3]) is adding a = b + c
vector_sub(a[3],b[3],c[3]) is substracting a = b - c
vector_neg(a[3],b[3]) is negation a = -b
vector_ld(a[3],x,y,z) is just loading a = (x,y,z)
The reper class is just holding direct and inverse 4x4 matrix representing 3D coordinate system. Its implementation depends on your coordinate system and gfx notation (matrix row/column major order, multiplication order etc...) Everything you need to implement it is in the 4x4 homogenuous matrix link above.
Now finally the usage:
Here is my BDS2006 C++/VCL/OpenGL project source code:
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <vcl.h>
#include <math.h>
#pragma hdrstop
#include "Unit1.h"
#include "OpenGLctrl3D.h" // only this is important
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#pragma package(smart_init)
#pragma resource "*.dfm"
TForm1 *Form1; // this form/window
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
reper eye,obj; // camera and object matrices
double perspective[16]; // projection matrix
OpenGLscreen scr; // my GL engine can ignore this
OpenGLctrls3D ctrl; // control component (important)
bool _redraw=true; // need repaint ?
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void gl_draw() // main rendering code
{
_redraw=false;
scr.cls();
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
// set view
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
eye.use_inv();
glLoadMatrixd(eye.inv);
// draw all controls
ctrl.draw();
// draw all objects
glPushMatrix();
obj.use_rep();
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glMultMatrixd(obj.rep);
glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0);
// glBox(0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glPopMatrix();
scr.exe();
scr.rfs();
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
__fastcall TForm1::TForm1(TComponent* Owner):TForm(Owner)
{
// application init
scr.init(this);
scr.views[0].znear=0.1;
scr.views[0].zfar=100.0;
scr.views[0].zang=60.0;
// matrices
eye.reset();
eye.gpos_set(vector_ld(0.0,0.0,+5.0));
eye.lrotz(25.0*deg);
obj.reset();
obj.gpos_set(vector_ld(-1.0,-0.5,-1.0));
obj.lroty(-35.0*deg);
// controls
ctrl.eye=&eye;
ctrl.add(obj,vector_ld(2.5,2.5,2.5),0.04,0.10,1.25,0.5);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::FormDestroy(TObject *Sender)
{
// application exit
scr.exit();
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::FormResize(TObject *Sender)
{
// window resize
scr.resize();
ctrl.resize(scr.x0,scr.y0,scr.xs,scr.ys);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::FormPaint(TObject *Sender)
{
// window repaint
gl_draw();
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::FormMouseWheel(TObject *Sender, TShiftState Shift, int WheelDelta, TPoint &MousePos, bool &Handled)
{
// mouse wheel translates camera (like zoom)
GLfloat dz=2.0;
if (WheelDelta>0) dz=-dz;
eye.lpos_set(vector_ld(0.0,0.0,dz));
ctrl.mouse_refresh();
_redraw=true;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// mouse events
void __fastcall TForm1::FormMouseDown(TObject *Sender, TMouseButton Button,TShiftState Shift, int X, int Y) { _redraw|=ctrl.mouse(X,Y,Shift); }
void __fastcall TForm1::FormMouseUp(TObject *Sender, TMouseButton Button,TShiftState Shift, int X, int Y) { _redraw|=ctrl.mouse(X,Y,Shift); }
void __fastcall TForm1::FormMouseMove(TObject *Sender, TShiftState Shift, int X, int Y) { _redraw|=ctrl.mouse(X,Y,Shift); }
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer1Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
// double *p=ctrl.pm; Caption=AnsiString().sprintf("(%7.3lf,%7.3lf,%7.3lf)",p[0],p[1],p[2]);
Caption=dbg;
// obj.lroty(3.0*deg); ctrl.mouse_refresh(); _redraw=true;
if (_redraw) gl_draw();
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
You can ignore the VCL and my engine related stuff. For each controlled object you should have its 4x4 transform matrix (reper) and a control component (OpenGLctrl3D). Then just mimic the events and add relevant calls to draw and key/mouse events for each.
Here preview how it looks like:
Sadly my GIF capturer does not capture the mouse cursor so you do not see where I click/drag ... But as you can see my control is rather complex and just OBB would not help much as the rings and arrows are intersecting a lot. The choppy ness is due to GIF capture encoding but when using logarithmic depth buffer you might expect chppyness also for object far from znear plane. To remedy that you can use:
In my example I do not have any objects just single control but you get the idea ... so each object of yours should have its matrix (the same that is used for its rendering) so you just add a control referencing it. In case your objects are dynamicaly added and removed you need to add their add/removal to controls too...
The most important stuff are the functions mouse_select and mouse_edit which converts the 3D global mouse position into objetc/control local one making very easy to detect stuff like inside cone, inside cylinder, angle of rotation and translation size etc ...
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